• 1 Executive Summary
o 1.1 Market overview
o Exhibit 01: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Overview
o Exhibit 02: Executive Summary – Data Table on Market Overview
o Exhibit 03: Executive Summary – Chart on Country Market Characteristics
o Exhibit 04: Executive Summary – Chart on Market by Geography
o Exhibit 05: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
o Exhibit 06: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
o Exhibit 07: Executive Summary – Chart on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 08: Executive Summary – Data Table on Incremental Growth
o Exhibit 09: Executive Summary – Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
• 2 Market Landscape
o 2.1 Market ecosystem
o Exhibit 10: Parent market
o Exhibit 11: Market Characteristics
• 3 Market Sizing
o 3.1 Market definition
o Exhibit 12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
o 3.2 Market segment analysis
o Exhibit 13: Market segments
o 3.3 Market size 2022
o 3.4 Market outlook: Forecast for 2022-2027
o Exhibit 14: Chart on Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 15: Data Table on Regional – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 16: Chart on Europe: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 17: Data Table on Regional – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
• 4 Historic Market Size
o 4.1 Small kitchen appliances market in Europe 2017 – 2021
o Exhibit 18: Historic Market Size – Data Table on Small kitchen appliances market in Europe 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
o 4.2 Application Segment Analysis 2017 – 2021
o Exhibit 19: Historic Market Size – Application Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
o 4.3 Distribution channel Segment Analysis 2017 – 2021
o Exhibit 20: Historic Market Size – Distribution channel Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
o 4.4 Geography Segment Analysis 2017 – 2021
o Exhibit 21: Historic Market Size – Geography Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
• 5 Five Forces Analysis
o 5.1 Five forces summary
o Exhibit 22: Five forces analysis – Comparison between 2022 and 2027
o 5.2 Bargaining power of buyers
o Exhibit 23: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers – Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027
o 5.3 Bargaining power of suppliers
o Exhibit 24: Bargaining power of suppliers – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
o 5.4 Threat of new entrants
o Exhibit 25: Threat of new entrants – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
o 5.5 Threat of substitutes
o Exhibit 26: Threat of substitutes – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
o 5.6 Threat of rivalry
o Exhibit 27: Threat of rivalry – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
o 5.7 Market condition
o Exhibit 28: Chart on Market condition – Five forces 2022 and 2027
• 6 Market Segmentation by Application
o 6.1 Market segments
o Exhibit 29: Chart on Application – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 30: Data Table on Application – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
o 6.2 Comparison by Application
o Exhibit 31: Chart on Comparison by Application
o Exhibit 32: Data Table on Comparison by Application
o 6.3 Food preparation and cooking – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 33: Chart on Food preparation and cooking – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 34: Data Table on Food preparation and cooking – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 35: Chart on Food preparation and cooking – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 36: Data Table on Food preparation and cooking – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 6.4 Beverage preparation – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 37: Chart on Beverage preparation – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 38: Data Table on Beverage preparation – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 39: Chart on Beverage preparation – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 40: Data Table on Beverage preparation – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 6.5 Market opportunity by Application
o Exhibit 41: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
• 7 Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
o 7.1 Market segments
o Exhibit 42: Chart on Distribution Channel – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 43: Data Table on Distribution Channel – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
o 7.2 Comparison by Distribution Channel
o Exhibit 44: Chart on Comparison by Distribution Channel
o Exhibit 45: Data Table on Comparison by Distribution Channel
o 7.3 Offline – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 46: Chart on Offline – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 47: Data Table on Offline – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 48: Chart on Offline – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 49: Data Table on Offline – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 7.4 Online – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 50: Chart on Online – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 51: Data Table on Online – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 52: Chart on Online – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 53: Data Table on Online – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 7.5 Market opportunity by Distribution Channel
o Exhibit 54: Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
• 8 Customer Landscape
o 8.1 Customer landscape overview
o Exhibit 55: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
• 9 Geographic Landscape
o 9.1 Geographic segmentation
o Exhibit 56: Chart on Market share by geography – 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 57: Data Table on Market share by geography – 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.2 Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 58: Chart on Geographic comparison
o Exhibit 59: Data Table on Geographic comparison
o 9.3 Germany – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 60: Chart on Germany – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 61: Data Table on Germany – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 62: Chart on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 63: Data Table on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.4 France – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 64: Chart on France – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 65: Data Table on France – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 66: Chart on France – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 67: Data Table on France – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.5 UK – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 68: Chart on UK – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 69: Data Table on UK – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 70: Chart on UK – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 71: Data Table on UK – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.6 Italy – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 72: Chart on Italy – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 73: Data Table on Italy – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 74: Chart on Italy – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 75: Data Table on Italy – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.7 Rest of Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027
o Exhibit 76: Chart on Rest of Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 77: Data Table on Rest of Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
o Exhibit 78: Chart on Rest of Europe – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o Exhibit 79: Data Table on Rest of Europe – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
o 9.8 Market opportunity by geography
o Exhibit 80: Market opportunity by geography ($ million)
• 10 Drivers, Challenges, and Trends
o 10.1 Market drivers
o 10.2 Market challenges
o 10.3 Impact of drivers and challenges
o Exhibit 81: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027
o 10.4 Market trends
• 11 Vendor Landscape
o 11.1 Overview
o 11.2 Vendor landscape
o Exhibit 82: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
o 11.3 Landscape disruption
o Exhibit 83: Overview on factors of disruption
o 11.4 Industry risks
o Exhibit 84: Impact of key risks on business
• 12 Vendor Analysis
o 12.1 Vendors covered
o Exhibit 85: Vendors covered
o 12.2 Market positioning of vendors
o Exhibit 86: Matrix on vendor position and classification
o 12.3 AB Electrolux.
o Exhibit 87: AB Electrolux. – Overview
o Exhibit 88: AB Electrolux. – Business segments
o Exhibit 89: AB Electrolux. – Key news
o Exhibit 90: AB Electrolux. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 91: AB Electrolux. – Segment focus
o 12.4 AGA Rangemaster Ltd.
o Exhibit 92: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Overview
o Exhibit 93: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Product / Service
o Exhibit 94: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Key offerings
o 12.5 Breville USA Inc.
o Exhibit 95: Breville USA Inc. – Overview
o Exhibit 96: Breville USA Inc. – Product / Service
o Exhibit 97: Breville USA Inc. – Key offerings
o 12.6 BSH Hausgerate GmbH
o Exhibit 98: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Overview
o Exhibit 99: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Product / Service
o Exhibit 100: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Key offerings
o 12.7 Cuisinart
o Exhibit 101: Cuisinart – Overview
o Exhibit 102: Cuisinart – Product / Service
o Exhibit 103: Cuisinart – Key offerings
o 12.8 Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd.
o Exhibit 104: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Overview
o Exhibit 105: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Business segments
o Exhibit 106: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 107: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Segment focus
o 12.9 Koninklijke Philips NV
o Exhibit 108: Koninklijke Philips NV – Overview
o Exhibit 109: Koninklijke Philips NV – Business segments
o Exhibit 110: Koninklijke Philips NV – Key news
o Exhibit 111: Koninklijke Philips NV – Key offerings
o Exhibit 112: Koninklijke Philips NV – Segment focus
o 12.10 LG Electronics Inc.
o Exhibit 113: LG Electronics Inc. – Overview
o Exhibit 114: LG Electronics Inc. – Business segments
o Exhibit 115: LG Electronics Inc. – Key news
o Exhibit 116: LG Electronics Inc. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 117: LG Electronics Inc. – Segment focus
o 12.11 Miele and Cie. KG
o Exhibit 118: Miele and Cie. KG – Overview
o Exhibit 119: Miele and Cie. KG – Product / Service
o Exhibit 120: Miele and Cie. KG – Key offerings
o 12.12 Panasonic Holdings Corp.
o Exhibit 121: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Overview
o Exhibit 122: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Business segments
o Exhibit 123: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Key news
o Exhibit 124: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 125: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Segment focus
o 12.13 Robert Bosch GmbH
o Exhibit 126: Robert Bosch GmbH – Overview
o Exhibit 127: Robert Bosch GmbH – Business segments
o Exhibit 128: Robert Bosch GmbH – Key news
o Exhibit 129: Robert Bosch GmbH – Key offerings
o Exhibit 130: Robert Bosch GmbH – Segment focus
o 12.14 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd.
o Exhibit 131: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Overview
o Exhibit 132: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Business segments
o Exhibit 133: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key news
o Exhibit 134: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 135: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Segment focus
o 12.15 SEB SA Co.
o Exhibit 136: SEB SA Co. – Overview
o Exhibit 137: SEB SA Co. – Business segments
o Exhibit 138: SEB SA Co. – Key news
o Exhibit 139: SEB SA Co. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 140: SEB SA Co. – Segment focus
o 12.16 Whirlpool Corp.
o Exhibit 141: Whirlpool Corp. – Overview
o Exhibit 142: Whirlpool Corp. – Business segments
o Exhibit 143: Whirlpool Corp. – Key offerings
o Exhibit 144: Whirlpool Corp. – Segment focus
o 12.17 WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd.
o Exhibit 145: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Overview
o Exhibit 146: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Product / Service
o Exhibit 147: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
• 13 Appendix
o 13.1 Scope of the report
o 13.2 Inclusions and exclusions checklist
o Exhibit 148: Inclusions checklist
o Exhibit 149: Exclusions checklist
o 13.3 Currency conversion rates for US$
o Exhibit 150: Currency conversion rates for US$
o 13.4 Research methodology
o Exhibit 151: Research methodology
o Exhibit 152: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
o Exhibit 153: Information sources
o 13.5 List of abbreviations
o Exhibit 154: List of abbreviations
Exhibits:
Exhibits1: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Overview
Exhibits2: Executive Summary – Data Table on Market Overview
Exhibits3: Executive Summary – Chart on Country Market Characteristics
Exhibits4: Executive Summary – Chart on Market by Geography
Exhibits5: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Application
Exhibits6: Executive Summary – Chart on Market Segmentation by Distribution Channel
Exhibits7: Executive Summary – Chart on Incremental Growth
Exhibits8: Executive Summary – Data Table on Incremental Growth
Exhibits9: Executive Summary – Chart on Vendor Market Positioning
Exhibits10: Parent market
Exhibits11: Market Characteristics
Exhibits12: Offerings of vendors included in the market definition
Exhibits13: Market segments
Exhibits14: Chart on Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits15: Data Table on Regional – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits16: Chart on Europe: Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits17: Data Table on Regional – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits18: Historic Market Size – Data Table on Small kitchen appliances market in Europe 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits19: Historic Market Size – Application Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits20: Historic Market Size – Distribution channel Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits21: Historic Market Size – Geography Segment 2017 – 2021 ($ million)
Exhibits22: Five forces analysis – Comparison between 2022 and 2027
Exhibits23: Chart on Bargaining power of buyers – Impact of key factors 2022 and 2027
Exhibits24: Bargaining power of suppliers – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits25: Threat of new entrants – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits26: Threat of substitutes – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits27: Threat of rivalry – Impact of key factors in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits28: Chart on Market condition – Five forces 2022 and 2027
Exhibits29: Chart on Application – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits30: Data Table on Application – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits31: Chart on Comparison by Application
Exhibits32: Data Table on Comparison by Application
Exhibits33: Chart on Food preparation and cooking – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits34: Data Table on Food preparation and cooking – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits35: Chart on Food preparation and cooking – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits36: Data Table on Food preparation and cooking – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits37: Chart on Beverage preparation – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits38: Data Table on Beverage preparation – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits39: Chart on Beverage preparation – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits40: Data Table on Beverage preparation – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits41: Market opportunity by Application ($ million)
Exhibits42: Chart on Distribution Channel – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits43: Data Table on Distribution Channel – Market share 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits44: Chart on Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibits45: Data Table on Comparison by Distribution Channel
Exhibits46: Chart on Offline – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits47: Data Table on Offline – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits48: Chart on Offline – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits49: Data Table on Offline – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits50: Chart on Online – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits51: Data Table on Online – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits52: Chart on Online – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits53: Data Table on Online – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits54: Market opportunity by Distribution Channel ($ million)
Exhibits55: Analysis of price sensitivity, lifecycle, customer purchase basket, adoption rates, and purchase criteria
Exhibits56: Chart on Market share by geography – 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits57: Data Table on Market share by geography – 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits58: Chart on Geographic comparison
Exhibits59: Data Table on Geographic comparison
Exhibits60: Chart on Germany – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits61: Data Table on Germany – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits62: Chart on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits63: Data Table on Germany – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits64: Chart on France – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits65: Data Table on France – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits66: Chart on France – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits67: Data Table on France – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits68: Chart on UK – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits69: Data Table on UK – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits70: Chart on UK – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits71: Data Table on UK – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits72: Chart on Italy – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits73: Data Table on Italy – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits74: Chart on Italy – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits75: Data Table on Italy – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits76: Chart on Rest of Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits77: Data Table on Rest of Europe – Market size and forecast 2022-2027 ($ million)
Exhibits78: Chart on Rest of Europe – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits79: Data Table on Rest of Europe – Year-over-year growth 2022-2027 (%)
Exhibits80: Market opportunity by geography ($ million)
Exhibits81: Impact of drivers and challenges in 2022 and 2027
Exhibits82: Overview on Criticality of inputs and Factors of differentiation
Exhibits83: Overview on factors of disruption
Exhibits84: Impact of key risks on business
Exhibits85: Vendors covered
Exhibits86: Matrix on vendor position and classification
Exhibits87: AB Electrolux. – Overview
Exhibits88: AB Electrolux. – Business segments
Exhibits89: AB Electrolux. – Key news
Exhibits90: AB Electrolux. – Key offerings
Exhibits91: AB Electrolux. – Segment focus
Exhibits92: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Overview
Exhibits93: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Product / Service
Exhibits94: AGA Rangemaster Ltd. – Key offerings
Exhibits95: Breville USA Inc. – Overview
Exhibits96: Breville USA Inc. – Product / Service
Exhibits97: Breville USA Inc. – Key offerings
Exhibits98: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Overview
Exhibits99: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Product / Service
Exhibits100: BSH Hausgerate GmbH – Key offerings
Exhibits101: Cuisinart – Overview
Exhibits102: Cuisinart – Product / Service
Exhibits103: Cuisinart – Key offerings
Exhibits104: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Overview
Exhibits105: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Business segments
Exhibits106: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
Exhibits107: Haier Smart Home Co. Ltd. – Segment focus
Exhibits108: Koninklijke Philips NV – Overview
Exhibits109: Koninklijke Philips NV – Business segments
Exhibits110: Koninklijke Philips NV – Key news
Exhibits111: Koninklijke Philips NV – Key offerings
Exhibits112: Koninklijke Philips NV – Segment focus
Exhibits113: LG Electronics Inc. – Overview
Exhibits114: LG Electronics Inc. – Business segments
Exhibits115: LG Electronics Inc. – Key news
Exhibits116: LG Electronics Inc. – Key offerings
Exhibits117: LG Electronics Inc. – Segment focus
Exhibits118: Miele and Cie. KG – Overview
Exhibits119: Miele and Cie. KG – Product / Service
Exhibits120: Miele and Cie. KG – Key offerings
Exhibits121: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Overview
Exhibits122: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Business segments
Exhibits123: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Key news
Exhibits124: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Key offerings
Exhibits125: Panasonic Holdings Corp. – Segment focus
Exhibits126: Robert Bosch GmbH – Overview
Exhibits127: Robert Bosch GmbH – Business segments
Exhibits128: Robert Bosch GmbH – Key news
Exhibits129: Robert Bosch GmbH – Key offerings
Exhibits130: Robert Bosch GmbH – Segment focus
Exhibits131: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Overview
Exhibits132: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Business segments
Exhibits133: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key news
Exhibits134: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
Exhibits135: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Segment focus
Exhibits136: SEB SA Co. – Overview
Exhibits137: SEB SA Co. – Business segments
Exhibits138: SEB SA Co. – Key news
Exhibits139: SEB SA Co. – Key offerings
Exhibits140: SEB SA Co. – Segment focus
Exhibits141: Whirlpool Corp. – Overview
Exhibits142: Whirlpool Corp. – Business segments
Exhibits143: Whirlpool Corp. – Key offerings
Exhibits144: Whirlpool Corp. – Segment focus
Exhibits145: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Overview
Exhibits146: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Product / Service
Exhibits147: WINIA Electronics Co. Ltd. – Key offerings
Exhibits148: Inclusions checklist
Exhibits149: Exclusions checklist
Exhibits150: Currency conversion rates for US$
Exhibits151: Research methodology
Exhibits152: Validation techniques employed for market sizing
Exhibits153: Information sources
Exhibits154: List of abbreviations
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